2007. 2006. 2005. 2004. 2003. 2002. 2001. 2000. 1999. 1998. 1997. 1996. 1995. 1994. 1993. 1992. 1991. 1989. 1988. 1987. 1986. 1985. 1983. 1982. 1980. 1979. 1978. 1977. 1976.
2007
Bickhard, M. H. (2007). Modern Approaches to Language. New Ideas in Psychology, 25(2), 67-69.
Bickhard, M. H. (2007). Language as an Interaction System. New Ideas in Psychology, 25(2), 171-187.
Christopher, J. C., Bickhard, M. H. (2007). Culture, Self and Identity: Interactivist Contributions to a Metatheory for Cultural Psychology. Culture & Psychology, 13(3), 259-295.
Bickhard, M. H. (2007). Learning is Scaffolded Construction. In D. W. Kritt, L. T. Winegar (Eds.) Education and Technology. (73-88). New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bickhard, M. H. (2007). Mechanism Is Not Enough. In Q. Gonzalez, M. Eunice, W. F. G. Haselager, I. E. Dror (Eds.) Mechanicism and Autonomy: What Can Robotics Teach Us About Human Cognition and Action? Special issue of Pragmatics and Cognition, 15(3), 573-585.
2006
Bickhard, M. H. (2006). Developmental Normativity and Normative Development. In L. Smith, J. Voneche (Eds.) Norms in Human Development. (57-76). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2005
Bickhard, M. H. (2005). Consciousness and Reflective Consciousness. Philosophical Psychology, 18(2), 205-218.
Bickhard, M. H. (2005). Anticipation and Representation. In C. Castelfranchi (Ed.) From Reactive to Anticipatory Cognitive Embodied Systems. (1-7). AAAI Fall Symposium, Technical Report FS-05-05. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.
Bickhard, M. H., Campbell, R. L. (2005). Editorial: New Ideas in Psychology. New Ideas in Psychology, 23(1), 1-4.
Bickhard, M. H. (2005). Functional Scaffolding and Self-Scaffolding. New Ideas in Psychology, 23(3), 166-173.
2004
Bickhard, M. H. (2004). The Social Ontology of Persons. In J. I. M. Carpendale, U. Muller (Eds.) Social Interaction and the Development of Knowledge. (111-132). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bickhard, M. H. (2004). Process and Emergence: Normative Function and Representation. Axiomathes - An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems, 14, 135-169. Reprinted from: Seibt, J. (2003). Process Theories: Crossdisciplinary Studies in Dynamic Categories. Dordrect: Kluwer Academic.
Bickhard, M. H. (2004). A Challenge to Constructivism: Internal and External Sources of Constructive Constraint. Human Development, 47, 94-99.
Bickhard, M. H. (2004). Normativity and Mind. Review of Duality of the Mind: A Bottom Up Approach Toward Cognition. by Ron Sun. Contemporary Psychology, 49(2), 156-158.
Bickhard, M. H. (2004). The Dynamic Emergence of Representation. In H. Clapin, P. Staines, P. Slezak (Eds.) Representation in Mind: New Approaches to Mental Representation. (71-90). Elsevier.
Bickhard, M. H. (2004). Why Believe in Beliefs? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(1), 100-101.
Stojanov, G., Bickhard, M. H. (2004). Representation: Emulation and Anticipation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(3), 418.
2003
Bickhard, M. H. (2003). The Biological Emergence of Representation. In T. Brown, L. Smith (Ed.) Emergence and Reduction: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium of the Jean Piaget Society. (105-131). Erlbaum.
Bickhard, M. H., Campbell, D. T. (2003). Variations in Variation and Selection: The Ubiquity of the Variation-and-Selective Retention Ratchet in Emergent Organizational Complexity. Foundations of Science, 8(3), 215-282.
Bickhard, M. H. (2003). Variations in Variation and Selection: The Ubiquity of the Variation-and-Selective Retention Ratchet in Emergent Organizational Complexity, Part II: Quantum Field Theory. Foundations of Science, 8 (3), 283-293.
Bickhard, M. H. (2003). An Integration of Motivation and Cognition. In Smith, L., Rogers, C., Tomlinson, P. (Eds.) Development and motivation: joint perspectives. Leicester: British Psychological Society, Monograph Series II, 41-56.
Bickhard, M. H. (2003). Some notes on internal and external relations and representation. Consciousness & Emotion, 4(1), 101-110.
Bickhard, M. H. (2003). Process and Emergence: Normative Function and Representation. In: J. Seibt (Ed.) Process Theories: Crossdisciplinary Studies in Dynamic Categories. (121-155). Dordrect: Kluwer Academic.
Bickhard, M. H. (2003). Mind as Process. In F. G. Riffert, M. Weber (Eds.) Searching for New Contrasts. (285-294). Vienna: Peter Lang.
2002
Bickhard, M. H. (2002). Critical Principles: On the Negative Side of Rationality. New Ideas in Psychology, 20, 1-34.
Christensen, W. D., Bickhard, M. H. (2002). The Process Dynamics of Normative Function. Monist, 85(1), 3-28.
Campbell, R. L., Christopher, J. C., & Bickhard, M. H. (2002). Self and Values: An Interactivist Foundation for Moral Development. Theory and Psychology, 12(6), 795-823.
2001
Bickhard, M. H. (2001). The Tragedy of Operationalism. Theory and Psychology, 11(1), 35-44.
Bickhard, M. H. (2001). The Emergence of Contentful Experience. In T. Kitamura (Ed.) What Should be Computed to Understand and Model Brain Function? (217-237). Singapore: World Scientific.
Bickhard, M. H. (2001). Why Children Don't Have to Solve the Frame Problems: Cognitive Representations are not Encodings. Developmental Review, 21, 224-262.
Bickhard, M. H. (2001). Function, Anticipation, Representation. In D. M. Dubois (Ed.) Computing Anticipatory Systems. CASYS 2000 - Fourth International Conference. (459-469). Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics.
Christopher, J. C., Bickhard, M. H., Lambeth, G. S. (2001). Otto Kernberg's Object Relations Theory: A Metapsychological Critique. Theory and Psychology, 11(5), 687-711.
Bickhard, M. H. (2001). Error Dynamics: The Dynamic Emergence of Error Avoidance and Error Vicariants. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 13, 199-209.
2000
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). Dynamic Representing and Representational Dynamics. In E. Dietrich, A. Markman (Eds.) Cognitive Dynamics: Conceptual and Representational Change in Humans and Machines. (31-50). Erlbaum.
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). Information and Representation in Autonomous Agents. Journal of Cognitive Systems Research, 1(2). http://www.elsevier.nl.
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). Emergence. In P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann, P. V. Christiansen (Eds.) Downward Causation. (322-348). Aarhus, Denmark: University of Aarhus Press.
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). Review of B. Shanon, The Representational and the Presentational. Minds and Machines, 10(2), 313-317.
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). Motivation and Emotion: An Interactive Process Model. In R. D. Ellis, N. Newton (Eds.) The Caldron of Consciousness. (161-178). J. Benjamins.
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). A Historical Approach to Teaching Introductory Cognitive Science. CogSci News, 11(1,2), 2-3.
Bickhard, M. H. (2000). Autonomy, Function, and Representation. Communication and Cognition - Artificial Intelligence. Special issue on: The contribution of artificial life and the sciences of complexity to the understanding of autonomous systems. Guest Editors: Arantza Exteberria, Alvaro Moreno, Jon Umerez. 17(3-4), 111-131.
1999
Levine, A., Bickhard, M. H. (1999). Concepts: Where Fodor Went Wrong. Philosophical Psychology, 12(1), 5-23.
Bickhard, M. H. (1999). Interaction and Representation. Theory & Psychology, 9(4), 435-458.
Bickhard, M. H. (1999). On the Cognition in Cognitive Development. Developmental Review, 19, 369-388.
Bickhard, M. H. (1999). Representation In Natural and Artificial Agents. E. Taborsky (Ed.) Semiosis. Evolution. Energy: Towards a Reconceptualization of the Sign. (15-25). Aachen: Shaker Verlag.
Bickhard, M. H. (1999). The Dynamics of Representation. In B. Hayes, C.A. Hooker, R. Heath, A. Heathcote (Eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Cognitive Science Conference. Newcastle: University of Newcastle, Australia. ISBN 0 7259 1059 3 http://psychology.newcastle.edu.au/~heath/cogsci97/
Bickhard, M. H. (1999). How to Fill Empty Symbols. In B. Hayes, C.A. Hooker, R. Heath, A. Heathcote (Eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Cognitive Science Conference. Newcastle: University of Newcastle, Australia. ISBN 0 7259 1059 3 http://psychology.newcastle.edu.au/~heath/cogsci97/
1998
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). Genuine Representation in Artificial Systems. In G. Antoniou, J. Slaney (Eds.) Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence. (27-38). Springer.
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper's Guide. In M. R. Matthews (Ed.) Constructivism in Science Education: A Philosophical Debate. (99-112). Kluwer Academic.
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). Levels of Representationality. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 10 (2), 179-215.
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). Whither Representation? In M. A. Gernsbacher, S. J. Derry (Eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, University of Wisconsin-Madison, August 1 - 4, 1998, 150-155. Erlbaum.
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). A Process Model of the Emergence of Representation. In G. L. Farre, T. Oksala (Eds.) Emergence, Complexity, Hierarchy, Organization, Selected and Edited Papers from the ECHO III Conference. Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, Mathematics, Computing and Management in Engineering Series No. 91, Espoo, Finland, August 3 - 7, 1998, 263-270.
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). Robots and Representations. In R. Pfeifer, B. Blumberg, J.-A. Meyer, S. W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats 5. (58-63). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Zurich, Switzerland, August 17 - 21, 1998. MIT.
Bickhard, M. H. (1998). Constraints on the Architecture of Mind. New Ideas in Psychology, 16(2), 97-105.
1997
Bickhard, M. H. (1997). Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper's Guide. Science Education, 6, 29-42.
Bickhard, M. H. (1997). Review of The Search for Mind. Minds and Machines, 7, 125-128.
Bickhard, M. H. (1997). Is Cognition an Autonomous Subsystem? In S. O'Nuallain, P. McKevitt, E. MacAogain (Eds.). Two Sciences of Mind. (115-131). John Benjamins.
Bickhard, M. H. (1997). Emergence of Representation in Autonomous Agents. Cybernetics and Systems: Special Issue on Epistemological Aspects of Embodied Artificial Intelligence, 28(6), 489-498.
Bickhard, M. H. (1997). Cognitive Representation in the Brain. In Dulbecco (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Human Biology. 2nd Ed. (865-876). Academic Press.
Bickhard, M. H. (1997). Piaget and Active Cognition. Human Development, 40, 238-244.
1996
Bickhard, M. H. (1996). Sobre los principios de la etica en Counseling y Psicoterapia. Revista Argentia de Clinica Psicologica, V(1), 37-49.
Bickhard, M. H. (1996). Troubles with Computationalism. In W. O'Donohue, R. F. Kitchener (Eds.) The Philosophy of Psychology. (173-183). London: Sage.
Bickhard, M. H. (1996). The Emergence of Representation in Autonomous Embodied Agents. Papers from the 1996 AAAI Fall Symposium on Embodied Cognition and Action. Chair: Maja Mataric. Nov 9-11, MIT, Cambridge, MA. Technical Report FS-96-02. Menlo Park, CA.: AAAI Press.
Bickhard, M. H., Campbell, R. L. (1996). Developmental Aspects of Expertise: Rationality and Generalization. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 8(3/4), 399-417.
Bickhard, M. H., Campbell, R. L. (1996). Topologies of Learning and Development. New Ideas in Psychology, 14(2), 111-156.
1995
Bickhard, M. H., Terveen, L. (1995). Foundational Issues in Artificial
Intelligence and Cognitive Science: Impasse and Solution. Elsevier
Scientific.
Bickhard, M. H. (1995). Intrinsic Constraints on Language: Grammar and
Hermeneutics. Journal of Pragmatics, 23, 541-554.
Bickhard, M. H. (1995). World Mirroring versus World Making: There's Gotta be
a Better Way. In L. Steffe, J. Gale (Eds.) Constructivism in Education.
(229-267). Erlbaum.
Bickhard, M. H. (1995). Is Cognition an Autonomous Subsystem? In Sean O Nuallain, Paul McKevitt (Eds.) AISB-95 Workshop on Reaching for Mind: Foundations of Cognitive Science, Sheffield, England, 3-7 April, 1995. The Tenth Biennial Conference on AI and Cognitive Science organised by the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour and the Department of Computer Science at the University of Sheffield.
Bickhard, M. H. (1995). Review of Understanding Origins.
Philosophical Psychology, 8(1), 112-116.
Bickhard, M. H. (1995). Transcending False Dichotomies in Developmental
Psychology -- Review of Beyond Modularity. by A. Karmiloff-Smith.
Theory and Psychology, 5(1), 161-165.
Bickhard, M. H. (1995). Who Interprets the Isomorphisms? New Ideas in
Psychology, 13(2), 135-137. 1994
Bickhard, M. H., Christopher, J. C. (1994). The Influence of Early Experience
on Personality Development. New Ideas in Psychology, 12(3),
229-252.
Bickhard, M. H. (1994). Rocks, Frogs, and the Cartesian Gulf: Toward a
Naturalism of Persons. New Ideas in Psychology, 12(3),
267-276.
Christopher, J. C., Bickhard, M. H. (1994). The persistence of basic
mistakes: Re-exploring psychopathology in Individual Psychology. Journal of
Individual Psychology, 50, 223-231. 1993
Bickhard, M. H. (1993). Representational Content in Humans and Machines.
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,
5, 285-333.
Bickhard, M. H. (1993). On Why Constructivism Does Not Yield Relativism.
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,
5, 275-284.
Bickhard, M. H. (1993). Foundations of Language Studies. In
Crochetière, A., Boulanger, J., Ouellon, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of
the XVth International Congress of Linguists. Vol. I. (237-242).
Québec: Les Presses de L'Univeristé Laval.
Bickhard, M. H. (1993). Staircase? How Can We Tell? Review of The Mind's
Staircase by Robbie Case. American Journal of Psychology, 106(4),
577-633.
Campbell, R. L., Bickhard, M. H. (1993). Knowing Levels and the Child's
Understanding of Mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(1), 33-34. 1992
Bickhard, M. H., Campbell, R. L. (1992). Some Foundational Questions
Concerning Language Studies: With a Focus on Categorial Grammars and Model
Theoretic Possible Worlds Semantics. Journal of Pragmatics, 17(5/6),
401-433. Target article for commentary in a special double issue.
Campbell, R. L., Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Clearing the Ground: Foundational
Questions Once Again. Journal of Pragmatics, 17(5/6), 557-602.
Bickhard, M. H. (1992). How Does the Environment Affect the Person? In L. T. Winegar, J. Valsiner (Eds.) Children's Development within
Social Contexts: Metatheory and Theory. Erlbaum, 63-92.
Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Scaffolding and Self Scaffolding: Central Aspects of
Development. In L. T. Winegar, J. Valsiner (Eds.)
Children's Development within Social Contexts: Research and Methodology.
Erlbaum, 33-52.
Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Commentary on the Age 4 Transition. Human
Development, 35(3)182-192.
Campbell, R. L., Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Types of Constraints on Development:
An Interactivist Approach. Developmental Review, 12(3), 311-338.
Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Myths of Science: Misconceptions of science in
contemporary psychology. Theory and Psychology, 2(3), 321-337.
Christopher, J. C., Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Remodeling the As If in Adler's
Concept of the Life Style. Journal of Individual Psychology, 76-85.
Christopher, J. C., Bickhard, M. H., Lambeth, G. S. (1992). Splitting
Kernberg: A Critique of Otto Kernberg's Notion of Splitting.
Psychotherapy, 29(3), 481-485.
Bickhard, M. H. (1992). The Strange Case of Bi-Photo-ism: Paul Churchland as
the 8th Annual Selfridge Lecturer in Philosophy. CogSci News, 5(1),
5-6.
Bickhard, M. H. (1992). Piaget on Variation and Selection Models:
Structuralism, logical necessity, and interactivism. In L. Smith (Ed.)
Jean Piaget: Critical Assessments. Routledge, chapter 83, 388-434.
(Reprint of 1988)
Campbell, R. L., Bickhard, M. H. (1992). A Deconstruction of Fodor's
Anticonstructivism. In L. Smith (Ed.) Jean Piaget: Critical
Assessments. Routledge, chapter 72, 134-148. (Reprint of 1987) 1991
Bickhard, M. H. (1991). The Import of Fodor's Anti-Constructivist Argument.
In Les Steffe (Ed.) Epistemological Foundations of Mathematical Experience.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 14-25.
Bickhard, M. H. (1991). A Pre-Logical Model of Rationality. In Les
Steffe (Ed.) Epistemological Foundations of Mathematical Experience.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 68-77.
Bickhard, M. H. (1991). Cognitive Representation in the Brain. Invited
chapter in Encyclopedia of Human Biology. Vol. 2. Academic
Press, 547-558.
Bickhard, M. H. (1991). Homuncular Innatism is Incoherent: A reply to
Jackendoff. The Genetic Epistemologist, 19(3), 5.
Bickhard, M. H. (1991). How to Build a Machine with Emergent Representational
Content. CogSci News, 4(1), 1-8.
Campbell, R. L. Bickhard, M. H. (1991). If Human Cognition is Adaptive, Can
Human Knowledge Consist of Encodings? Commentary on "Is Human Cognition
Adaptive?" by John R. Anderson Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
(14), pp. 488-489. 1989
Bickhard, M. H., Campbell, R. L. (1989). Interactivism and Genetic
Epistemology. Archives de Psychologie, 57(221), 99-121.
Bickhard, M. H. (1989). Ethical Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy as
Ethics. New Ideas in Psychology, 7(2), 159-164.
Bickhard, M. H. (1989). The Nature of Psychopathology. In Lynn Simek-Downing
(Ed.) International Psychotherapy: Theories, Research, and
Cross-Cultural Implications. Westport, CT: Praeger Press.
Wedemeyer, N. V., Bickhard, M. H., Cooper, R. G. (1989). The Development of
Structural Complexity in the Child's Concept of Family: The Effect of
Cognitive Stage, Sex, and Intactness of Family. Journal of Genetic
Psychology, 150(4), 341-357. 1988
Bickhard, M. H. (1988). Piaget on Variation and Selection Models:
Structuralism, logical necessity, and interactivism. Human Development,
31, 274-312.
Bickhard, M. H. (1988). The Necessity of Possibility and Necessity. Review of
Piaget's Possibility and Necessity Harvard Educational Review,
58, No. 4, 502-507.
Richie, D. M., Bickhard, M. H. (1988). The Ability to Perceive Duration: Its
Relation to the Development of the Logical Concept of Time. Developmental
Psychology, 24, 318-323. 1987
Bickhard, M. H. (1987). The Social Nature of the Functional Nature of
Language. In Maya Hickmann (Ed.) Social and Functional Approaches to
Language and Thought. Academic.
Campbell, R. L., Bickhard, M. H. (1987). A Deconstruction of Fodor's
Anticonstructivism. Human Development, 30, 48-59. 1986
Campbell, R. L., Bickhard, M. H. (1986). Knowing Levels and
Developmental Stages. Contributions to Human Development. Basel,
Switzerland: Karger. 1985
Bickhard, M. H., Cooper, R. G., Mace, P. E. (1985). Vestiges of
Logical Positivism: Critiques of Stage Explanations. Human Development,
28, 240-258. 1983
Bickhard, M. H., Richie, D. M. (1983). On the Nature of
Representation: A Case Study of James Gibson's Theory of Perception. New
York: Praeger Publishers. 1982
Bickhard, M. H. (1982). Automata Theory, Artificial Intelligence, and
Genetic Epistemology. Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 36,
No. 142-143, 549-566, Invited paper for a special issue on Jean Piaget. 1980
Bickhard, M. H. (1980). Cognition, Convention, and Communication. New
York: Praeger Publishers.
Bickhard, M. H. (1980). A Model of Developmental and Psychological
Processes. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 102, 61-116.
Bickhard, M. H. (1980). Approaches to the Study of Mind. Cognition and
Brain Theory, 3, No. 4, 146-152.
Bickhard, M. H. (1980). Functionalism in Adlerian Psychology. Journal of
Individual Psychology, 36, No. 1, 66-74.
Bickhard, M. H. (1980). On Models of Knowledge and Communication. In Maya
Hickmann (Ed.) Proceedings of a Working Conference on the Social
Foundations of Language and Thought. Center for Psychosocial Studies,
Chicago.
Bickhard, M. H. (1980). Outline of a Theory of Psychological Processes.
Unpublished manuscript edited and included in Piaget's Genetic Epistemology
1965-1980. R. Vuyk, New York: Academic Press. 1979
Bickhard, M. H. (1979). On Necessary and Specific Capabilities in
Evolution and Development. Human Development, 22, 217-224.
Bickhard, M. H., Ford, B. L. (1979). Subjective Adaptationalism: An Adlerian
metapsychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 35, No. 2,
162-186. 1978
Bickhard, M. H. (1978). The Nature of Developmental Stages. Human
Development, 21, 217-233.
Bickhard, M. H. (1978). A Reply to "Social Interest: A Reply to
Bickhard and Ford." Journal of Individual Psychology, 34,
No. 1, 27-35.
1977
Moore, N., Bickhard, M. H., Cooper, R. G. (1977). The Child's
Development of the Concept of Family. Resources in Education and
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