Pedigree Lesson

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=140 BGCOLOR="#9966CC" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="16c00a20ezthtv.gif"> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Isabels Page"><U><B>home</B></U></A><B>     |     </B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#330066" FACE="Arial" ><B>Isabel's Page</B></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id62.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Reading Corner"><U>Reading Corner</U></A>   |   <B>Pedigree Lesson</B></div> <div> <B>Pedigree Lesson</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#CCFF66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Teaching Portfolio"><U><IMG SRC="20864640.gif" border=0 width="100" height="100" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Teaching Portfolio"><U><B>Back To Electronic Portfolio</B></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE=" Lessons Activities"><U><IMG SRC="0b44a520.gif" border=0 width="74" height="82" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE=" Lessons Activities"><U><B>Lessons & Activities</B></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Links"><U><IMG SRC="0df72600.gif" border=0 width="114" height="96" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Links"><U><B>Links</B></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Reading Corner"><U><IMG SRC="0b666490.gif" border=0 width="102" height="73" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Reading Corner"><U><B>Reading Corner</B></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id34.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="School Photos"><U><IMG SRC="0b5692a0.gif" border=0 width="105" height="42" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id34.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="School Photos"><U><B>School Photos</B></U></A></div> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=340 BGCOLOR="#CCFF66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <IMG SRC="0e327470.gif" border=0 width="39" height="71" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>Pedigree Lesson</B></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <B>Topic:</B> Pedigree Analysis</div> <bR> <div> <B>Grade Levels: </B>10-12</div> <bR> <div> <B>Instructional Objectives: </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students will understand the basic concepts Pedigree analysis:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Definition</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Symbols</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students will understand the main purpose of Pedigrees.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students will understand the basic and unique characteristics associated with the different mode of</div> <div>       inheritance (autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-linked).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students will be able to use a pedigree to indicate if a trait is autosomal dominant, recessive or sex </div> <div>       linked.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students will understand the concept of genotype and phenotype.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students will be capable of independently designing a familial pedigree chart for a particular trait.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Concepts Addressed:</B></div> <div> <B>3.1 Unifying Themes</B></div> <div> <B>3.1.12 C</B> Access and apply patterns in science and technology.</div> <div> <B>3.2 Inquiry and Design</B></div> <div> <B>3.2.12 D </B>Analyze and use the technological design process to solve problems.</div> <div> <B>3.3 Biological Sciences</B></div> <div> <B>3.312 A </B>Explain the relationship between structure and function at all levels of organization</div> <div> <B>3.3.13 C </B>Explain gene inheritance and expression at the molecular level.</div> <div> <B>3.8 Science Technology and Human Endeavors</B></div> <div> <B>3.8.12 A</B> Synthesize and evaluate the interactions and constraints of science and technology on society.</div> <div> <B>3.8.12 C </B>Evaluate the consequences and impacts of scientific and technological solutions.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Material Required:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Data chart for PTC taster</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dominant trait chart</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Overhead projector</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Transparencies of:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Pedigree analysis of X-Linked Dominant trait</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Different Pedigrees, Autosomal Dominant, Recessive and Sex-linked</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Student outline</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Student Pedigree symbol chart</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Pedigree worksheets</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Pedigree Analysis CD</div> <bR> <div> <B>Engagement:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Phenotype Identification</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">PTC </B>test </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dominant trait chart</div> <bR> <div> <B>Procedure:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Introduce today's topic and its importance: </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What do we use to study how traits are inherited from one generation to the next in humans?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Today we are actually going to design Pedigrees for traits that aren't so important, but this will serve       as good practice and even as a model for you to design a family pedigree for a particular trait or           </div> <div>      disease.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Give Students the data chart for dominant traits</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Exemplify the dominant trait chart with Hitchhiker's thumb</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Student identify their phenotypes</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Pass guided notes to students</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Begin Pedigree notes discussion</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Return to Dominant trait chart </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Students fill in possible Genotypes</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Use hitchhiker example to show possible genotypes</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Have students identify the mode of inheritance with the example: Identification of mode of inheritance in a large Pedigree of an X-Linked trait</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Exemplify how to use the Pedigree Analysis Software </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Class divides into lab groups</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Hand out Pedigree symbols and worksheets</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Have students work through worksheet then software</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Review worksheet</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Exemplify how to design a family pedigree with one of the dominant traits (hitchhiker thumb) specifically identifying genotypes</div> <bR> <div> <B>Key Discussion Questions:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What are the symbols used to design a pedigree?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What are genotypes and phenotypes?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What are the two types of Pedigrees?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">What are the three basic Modes of Inheritance?</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In an X-linked inheritance why can't an affected male pass to his son? </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Closure:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Review the questions on the pedigree worksheets.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Exemplify how to design a family pedigree with one of the dominant traits (hitchhiker thumb)</div> <div> specifically identifying genotypes.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Assessment:</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Informal via the correction and completion of the pedigree worksheets </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Formal: Assessing the correctness of the completed familial pedigree chart for a specific trait</div> <bR> <div> <B>Extension Activities: </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Design a familial pedigree for one of the traits found on the dominant trait chart. If possible the</div> <div> pedigree should go back at least two generations (your parents and grandparents).</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>                                                                                                                                                                                                </U></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="0e327470.gif" border=0 width="39" height="71" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>Teacher Notes</B></FONT></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Teacher Notes: Pedigree</B></div> <div> <B>I Introduction: </B></div> <div> <B>One way of studying how a disease or a genetic syndrome is inherited is to study the family of affected or sick individual. </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>A.     </B>A <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>Pedigree</U> </FONT>is a graphic or a chart the shows how the disease is transmitted </div> <bR> <div>      <B>1. </B>There are two types of pedigree charts:</div> <bR> <div>      <B>a.</B> It can be a chart that represents the family's <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>genotype </U></FONT>, the genes.</div> <bR> <div> <B>     b.</B> Or it can be a chart that represents a family's <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>phenotype</U></FONT>, or appearance.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>B</B>. What are Phenotypes and Genotypes?</div> <div> <B>1. </B>Phenotype- the appearance <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >The way an organism looks, the expression of the genes</FONT></div> <bR> <div> <B>2.</B> Genotypes- <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >The gene combination in an individual that can cause a particular trait or disorder.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>C.</B> Example: </div> <bR> <div> <B>1.</B> Lets assume that the gene for tallness is dominant -T. And the gene for shortness is recessive- t</div> <bR> <div> <B>2.</B> There are three possible gene combinations or genotypes they are:</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="602" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 42 ><NOBR><div> <B>Genotype</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>: </B></FONT><B>What are the gene combinations</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="197"><div> <B>Phenotype:</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B> </B></FONT><B>What will they look like</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 42 WIDTH="390"><div> <B>TT: Homozygous dominant means that the individual has two genes for tallness</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="197"><div> <B>Tall</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 42 WIDTH="390"><div> <B>Tt: heterozygous means that the individual has one tall gene and one short gene</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="197"><div> <B>Tall</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 42 WIDTH="390"><div> <B>Tt: homozygous recessive means that the individual has two short genes.</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="197"><div> <B>Short</B></div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div>    <B> D.</B> Go Back to Dominant Trait chart and fill in all possible genotypes use my example of hitchhiker thumb.</div> <bR> <div> <B>II. </B>How do you make a pedigree</div> <bR> <div>    <B> A. </B>A pedigree is made up of <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>symbols</U></FONT></div> <bR> <div>          <B>1.</B> Each <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>symbol</U></FONT> has a specific meaning:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="0f162660.jpg" border=0 width="98" height="102" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div>       <B> 2. </B>Have students define the following  basic symbols:</div> <bR> <div>         <B>a.</B>     Female affected</div> <bR> <div>      <B>b. </B>  Male</div> <bR> <div>      <B>c. </B>  Mating</div> <bR> <div>      <B>d. </B>  What would parents and child and siblings look like?</div> <bR> <div>      <B>B. </B>The main purpose or use of a Pedigree is to display the information that indicates how a trait or disease is       inherited from one generation to the next - Mode of Inheritance:</div> <bR> <div>      <B>1. </B>The Three main Modes of Inheritance are:</div> <bR> <div>      <B>a.</B>Autosomal Dominant: Example pedigree </div> <bR> <div>      <B>1.</B> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Each Affected child has at least one affected parent</FONT></div> <bR> <div>      <B>2.</B> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Each affected parent has a 50% chance of having an affected child</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Example of an Autosomal Dominant Pedigree</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0f491440.jpg" border=0 width="145" height="68" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div>      <B>b.</B> Autosomal Recessive Example pedigree</div> <div>  </div> <div>      <B>1</B><B>.</B><B> </B>Both parents of the affected child are normal heterozygote; they both carry the recessive gene</div> <bR> <div>      <B>2. </B>If both parents are affected then all their children will be affected</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Example of an Autosomal Recessive Pedigree</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0fd7d4d0.jpg" border=0 width="125" height="77" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>c.</B> Sex-linked </div> <bR> <div> <B>1.</B> X-linked recessive Example Pedigree of Hemophilia Overhead</div> <bR> <div> <B>a.</B> Each affected male has a carrier mother (heterozygote)</div> <div> <B>b. </B>A carrier mother (heterozygote) will usually be normal but:</div> <bR> <div> <B>1. </B>½ of her sons will be affected </div> <bR> <div> <B>2. </B>½ of her daughters will be affected</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>c.</B><U> Affected males</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > cannot pass the trait to their </FONT><U>sons</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >, but all of their </FONT><U>daughters</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > are carriers. </FONT></div> <bR> <div> <B>1.</B> Why? <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Because males give a copy of their Y chromosome to their sons and the disease is on the X chromosome.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> An Example of an X-Linked Recessive Pedigree for Queen Victoria of England. The trait is Hemophilia.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0febc5e0.jpg" border=0 width="188" height="94" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>2.</B> X-linked Dominant: Example Pedigree </div> <bR> <div> <B>a.</B> Affected males will produce affected all affected <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>daughters</U></FONT> and no affected <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>sons</U></FONT>.</div> <bR> <div> <B>1.</B> Why? <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Because the father can only give their daughter his X chromosome, which is, the same chromosome that actually has the diseased gene</FONT>.</div> <bR> <div> <B>b.</B> A heterozygote-affected mother will pass the trait to <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><U>half </U></FONT>of her children.</div> <bR> <div> <B>1.</B><U> Her sons</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > and </FONT><U>daughters</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > are equally affected.</FONT></div> <bR> <div>      <B>a.</B> Why?  <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Because there is a 50% chance that she can</FONT> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >give either her diseased X  </FONT></div> <div>            chromosome or her normal X chromosome<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Example of an X-Linked Dominant Pedigree</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0f772490.jpg" border=0 width="114" height="73" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>III </B>Definition of Pedigree</div> <bR> <div> <B>A.</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > A chart consisting of symbols for individuals that show the transmission of inherited traits or genes. </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I><B>Dominate Traits</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <B>Phenotype</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" >                         </FONT><B>         Genotype</B></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="739" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 23 WIDTH="77"><div> <B>Trait</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>Myself</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><div> <B>Dad</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Mom</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Sib1</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Sib2</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> <B>Trait</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>Myself</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><div> <B>Dad</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Mom</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Sib1</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Sib2</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 79 WIDTH="77"><div> <B>Straight Thumb</B></div> <div> <B>Y=Yes</B></div> <div> <B>N=No</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><div> <B>Y</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><div> <B>N</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Y</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>Y</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>N</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>S</B></FONT><B>=</B>Straight Thumb</div> <div> <B>s=</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" >hitchhiker thumb</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><div> <B>SS</B></div> <div> <B>Ss</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><div> <B>ss</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>SS</B></div> <div> <B>Ss</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>SS</B></div> <div> <B>Ss</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><div> <B>ss</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 79 WIDTH="77"><div> <B>Tongue Rolling</B></div> <div> <B>Y=Yes</B></div> <div> <B>N=No</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="65" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="42" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> R=<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" >Tongue Rolling</FONT></div> <div> r=<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" >non-roller</FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="65" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="42" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 79 WIDTH="77"><div> <B>Widow's Peak</B></div> <div> <B>Y=Yes</B></div> <div> <B>N=No</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="65" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="42" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="101"><div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>W</B></FONT><B>=</B>Widow's Peak</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>w</B></FONT><B>=</B>no Widow's Peak</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="65" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="42" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 60 WIDTH="77"><div> <B>Taster</B></div> <div> <B>Y=Yes</B></div> <div> <B>N=No</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="65" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="42" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>T</B></FONT><B>=</B>Taster</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Comic Sans MS" ><B>t</B></FONT><B>=</B> non-taster</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="65" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="42"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="42" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="47"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="47" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>      </div> <div> <B><U>Pedigree</U></B></div> <div> <B><U>Design a family pedigree for one of the above traits going back two generations (your parents and grandparents, if possible.</U></B></div> <div> <B>                    </B></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>