CE 536 - Networking and Microcomputer Systems

Day 2: Microcomputer Architecture and Components

Microcomputer Needs: What do you want the computer to do?

·Application Needs

·Component Needs

Computer Hardware

·System Unit - case, motherboard, ports

·CPU

·Memory

·Disk Drives

·Input Devices

·Graphics Card

·Monitor

·CD-ROM Drives

·DVD Drives

·Backup/Archive Devices

·Sound Cards

·Communications

Microcomputer Needs: What do you want the computer to do?

·Application Needs

·Working with Words

·Word Processing(Word, WordPerfect, …)

·Desktop Publishing(Publisher, PageMaker, …)

·Presentation Software(PowerPoint, Freelance, …)

·World-Wide Web Publishing (FrontPage, Dreamweaver)

·Working with Numbers

·Spreadsheets(Excel, Lotus, …)

·Accounting(Money, Quicken, …)

·Mathematics(Matlab, Mathematica, Maple, …)

·Statistics(SPSS, SAS, …)

·Engineering(Adina, Ansys, …)

·Working with Data

·Databases(Access, Paradox, Oracle, …)

· Stand-Alone

·Multi-user - Networked

·Information Retrieval

·CD-ROM Databases

·Remote Databases

·Web-Based Information

·Multimedia Applications

·Education

·Entertainment

·Graphic Design

·Multimedia Development

Microcomputer Needs: What do you want the computer to do?

·Component Needs

·Input Devices

·Keyboard

·Pointing Device

·Mouse

·Trackball

·Joystick

·Digitizing Pad

·Microphone ( w/ Voice Recognition Software)

·Scanning Device

·OCR - Optical Character Recognition

·Images(Picture, Slides, Negatives, …)

·Multimedia

·Audio

·Video

·Playback

·Capture

·Resolution / Frames per Second

·CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-RW

·Communications

·Modem, ISDN Modem - Phone Line

·Network Adapter

·Cable Modem and Network AdapterCard

·DSL Modem and Network Adapter Card

·Wireless

Computer Hardware

System Unit - case, motherboard, ports

·Case - Expandability, Aesthetics, Security

·Desktop

·Mini-tower

·Tower

·Power Supply - sized in Watts

·Motherboard

·Design

·ATX - standardized PC AT desktop motherboard

·micro-ATX - simplified/reduced size ATX

·Baby AT

·System Bus

·66MHz / 100MHz / 133MHz

·400MHz

·Bus Structure - expansion slots

·ISA - Industry Standard Architecture

·VESA - Video Equipment Standards Association

·PCI - Peripheral Connection Interface

·AGP - Advanced Graphics Peripheral

·PC Card (formerly, PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association (People Can’t Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms) ) -Laptop Computers (16-bit)

·Types: I - 3.3mm thick; II - 5mm; III - 10.5mm

·Card Information Structure (CIS) - information stored in standard location and format on PC Cards

·Card and Socket Services - operating system extensions for PC Cards and the sockets into which they plug

·CardBus - Laptop Computers (32-bit)

·CardBay – USB via a PC Card

·Zoomed VideoPort - connected to video frame buffer

·Ports

·Serial (COM1, COM2) - Mouse, Modem (115kbits/s)

·Parallel (LPT1, LPT2) - Printers, Scanners (115MBytes/s)

·SCSI - Small Computer System Interface (5 MBytes/s)

·Daisy-Chained Devices - plug into each other; last device must be terminated

·SCSI ID - unique to each device

·SCSI-2 (Fast SCSI) - faster data transfer (10MBytes/s)

·SCSI-2 (Wide SCSI) - 16-bit (20MBytes/s)

·SCSI-3 (Ultra SCSI) - even faster …

·USB (Universal Serial Bus) - designed for low/medium speed peripherals (1.5Mbits/s- 12Mbits/s (1.5Mbytes/s))

·Hot Plug 

·Controls up to 127 devices simultaneously

·IEEE 1394 (Firewire™ Apple Computers) - for high speed peripherals (up to 50Mbytes/s)

·Digital video transfer

·Controllers

·IDE (Integrated Device Electronics)

·Supports Disk Drives Only

·Drives Limited to 528 MB

·EIDE (Enhanced IDE)·

·Supports Drives, CD-ROM’s, Tape Drives 

·Primary IDE or EIDE Controller - supports up to 2 disk drives

·Secondary Controller - supports CD-ROM drives and tape drives

·Master Device - first device on an IDE or EIDE controller - set via DIP switches or jumpers

·Slave Device - second device on a controller

·ROM BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input/Output System) - contains instructions for starting (booting) the computer - AMI, Phoenix

·CMOS RAM (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory) - maintains the system configuration when the power is off

·Cleared when the Battery Dies!

·CPU(Central Processing Unit)

·Processor Type

·Celeron

·Supports 66MHz system bus (766MHz or less CPU)

·Supports 100MHz system bus (800MHz or more)

·Level 1 (L1) Cache - 32kB - memory built into CPU

·L2 Cache - 128kB (256kB at 1.2GHz or above) – secondary memory that feeds L1 cache

·Pentium III 

·Supports 133MHz system bus

·L1 Cache - 32kB

·L2 Cache - 512kB 

·Expanded multimedia (MMX) instruction set

·Pentium III Xeon

·Multiple processor support

·Pentium 4

·Supports 400MHz system bus

·L1 Cache - 8kB plus 12kB Execution Trace Cache

·L2 Cache – 256kB (512kB at 2.2GHz or above)

·Expanded multimedia instruction set

·Xeon

·Multiple processor support

·Itanium

·64-bit internal

·Processor Speed - MHz(Megahertz)

·Performance Comparisons by Benchmarks

·Memory

·RAM (Random Access Memory)

·Measured in Megabytes

·Different Configurations - often installed in banks of 2

·SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module

·DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module

·RIMM - Rambus Dual Inline Memory Module

·Different Types

·EDO (Extended Data Output)

·SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)

·RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)

·DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate-SDRAM)

·Different Speeds - depending on processor speed

·Disk Drives

·Floppy Drives

·5.25 Inch - 360K, 1.2M

·3.5 Inch - 720K, 1.44M, 2.88M

·Hard Drives

·Plug into Primary IDE (EIDE) Controller or a SCSI Controller

·First IDE (EIDE) Drive is the Master (from which the system will boot)

·Second IDE (EIDE) Drive set as Slave

·Capacity Measured in Gigabytes

·Data Managed in Units called Clusters

·One Physical Drive can be Partitioned into Multiple Logical Drives

·Cluster Size Dependent on Partition Type

·File Systems – File Allocation Tables (FAT)

·Features vary by Operating System

·FAT16 - DOS, Windows 3.1x/95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

·Maximum of 32,768 Clusters (2¹⁵)

·Maximum Cluster Size 65,536 Bytes (2¹⁶)

·Maximum Partition Size 2.1G (2¹⁵ x 2¹⁶)
 

Partition Size	Cluster Size
500M	16K
1G	32K
2.1G	64K

·FAT32 - Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2, Windows 98/Me/2000/XP (not Windows NT!)

·Cluster Size of 4K on 8GB; 16K on 32GB

·Supports Partitions up to 2 Terabytes

·Supports Windows XP Partitions only to 32GB

·NTFS - Windows NT (Service Pack 4 or higher), Windows 2000, Windows XP

·Cluster Size of up to 4K on partitions to 2TB

·Recommended Maximum Partition of 2TB

·Much larger sizes are possible

·Supports Security Features of Windows NT

·Input Devices

·Keyboard

·Standard - May Cause Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

·Ergonomic - May Drive You Crazy …

·Pointing Device

·Mouse

·Serial, Bus, USB

·Trackball

·Touchpad 

·Digitizing Pad

·Microphone ( w/ Voice Recognition Software)

·Scanning Device

·OCR - Optical Character Recognition

·Images(Picture, Slides, Negatives, …)

·Graphics Card

·Various Bus Structures

·VESA Local Bus - (Video Equipment Standards Association) 486’s and early Pentiums

·PCI Local Bus - (Peripheral Connection Interface) 

·AGP - (Advanced Graphics Peripheral) - works in conjunction with PCI bus

·Resolution in Pixels

·640x480

·800x600

·1024x768

·1280x1024

·Color Depth - Number of Simultaneous Colors

·4-bit - 16 Colors

·8-bit - 256 Colors

·16-bit - 65,536 Colors - High Color

·24-bit - 16.8M Colors - True Color

·Data Speed - 32-bit, 64-bit, 128-bit

·Video Memory - 1MB, 2MB, 4MB, 8MB

·Determines Display Resolution and Colors

·Memory Required = Width x Height x Color Depth
 

To Display:	With Colors:	Memory:
640x480 (307,200)	16.8M (3 bytes)	1MB
800x600 (480,000)	16.8M	2MB
1024x768 (786,432)	64K (2 bytes)	2MB
1280x1024 (1,310,720)	256 (1 byte)	2MB

·Monitor

·Size Measured Diagonally (14-Inch, 15-Inch, 17-Inch, … )

·Resolution Measured in Pixels - 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024

·Dot Pitch - Gray Space Between Pixels (.28 or lower!)

·Reduce Flicker

·Non-Interlaced versus Interlaced

·Vertical Scan Rate (80+ Hz refresh)

·CD-ROM Drives

·Up to 650M of Data fits on a CD-ROM 

·Data can be Digital Audio, Video, Programs, or Text

·Depending on Drive, Plugs into EIDE Controller, SCSI Controller, or Sound Card

·Speed Determines How Fast Data Can be Accessed

·Single Speed (1x) , Double (2x), Quad Speed (4x)

·Variable Speed - typically up to 40x or more

·DVD Drives- Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc

·Up to 17GB of Data fits on a DVD Disc

·Can Play Conventional CD-ROM’s and Audio CD’s

·Backup/Archive Devices

·Removable Disks - ZIP (100MB, 250MB), Superdisk (120MB),Jaz (1GB, 2GB)

·CD-R - recordable CD's (650MB)

·CD-RW - reusable CD's

·DVD-R – recordable DVD

·Sound Cards

·Can Play Digitized Audio Through Speakers

·Can Digitize Audio with Microphone or Line-In Inputs

·Quality of Recording and Playback Varies

·Telephone Quality - 8-bit at 11KHz

·AM Radio Quality - 8-bit at 22KHz

·CD Quality - 16-bit at 44KHz

·Mono or Stereo

·MIDIPort (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

·GamePort for Joystick

·“Sound Blaster” Compatibility Recommended

·Communications

·Modem

·Speeds in Bits per Second

·14,400 (or 14.4K) up to 56K

·Standards - V.34, V.42bis, V.90, …

·Up to 4-times faster with Data Compression

·ISDN Modems

·Network Interface Cards

·Cable Modems with Network Interface Cards

·DSL Modems with Network Interface Cards