Installing Cards and Cables

• Cable Installation Considerations
• Installing and Configuring Network Cards

• Internetworking Devices
• Repeaters
• Hubs
• Switching Hubs
• Bridges
• Routing Bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Internetworking Links

• Cable Installation Considerations
• Planning - for now and the future
• Conduit runs
• Get the fastest cable possible
• Allow slack
• Follow cabling specifications and codes
• Keep it neat - label, bundle, and tie
• Shield where necessary
• Wireless isn't wireless…

• Installing and Configuring Network Cards
• Power off computer before starting
• Avoid static
• Configure resources - interrupts, I/O buffers, etc.
• Install drivers

Repeaters - signal regenerators that extend cable distances

• Work at the Physical Level
• Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) can have no more than 4 interrepeater links (i.e., links between any two stations)
• Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) cards repeat the signal inherently (i.e., they are repeaters)

• Passive - unpowered patch panel - provides an interface for cables to transmit data
• Active - powered hub - repeater with status lights
• Intelligent/Managed
• Performance statistics by port
• Remote control of individual ports
• Secure hubs - only address to which the data is sent receives the actual data; all other ports receive "busy" data

• Only packets to a specific address are passed to that port (i.e., no broadcast of the signal)
• Each port can have its own pipe (i.e., no sharing)

• Work at the Data Link Layer
• Operate in simple, single-site internetworks
• Not appropriate in larger environments
• Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) Bridges
• Need the addresses of all stations on each network
• Tables entered manually
• Learn Mode - watches the traffic on the LAN
• Work as address filters - checks destination address to see if it is on the same LAN; if not, passes packet to another port on the bridge (to another LAN segment)
• Store and Forward Devices - look like any network station
• Transparent - do nothing but filter and forward packets
• Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) Bridges
• Source Routing - checks each frame’s source address field for routing indicator bit followed by routing information

Routing Bridges - combine the functions of bridging and routing in a single box (could be a high-end hub)

Routers - used to connect dissimilar types of LANs which use the same communications architecture and protocols

• Centerpiece of interconnected LANs
• Work at the Network Layer
• Checks the network layer destination address in each packet
• Checks routing table to determine whether to send it off
• Protocol specific - packets are not forwarded; only the data within the packets is forwarded
• Some Routers handle multiple protocols
• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• IPX/SPX -Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange
• Determines best path (route) for information flow
• Routing Protocols
• RIP - Routing Information Protocol
• OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
• IP - Internet Protocol
• RIP-IPX - Routing Information Protocol/Internetwork Packet Exchange
• Data Link Protocols - tie together bridges and routers
• PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
• Connects multiprotocol routers
• Encapsulates data frames
• TCP/IP
• OSI
• IPX
• Workhorse for remote users
• Interoperability - routers from different vendors can work together if both use the same routing protocols and data link protocols

Gateways - match totally dissimilar networks (i.e., those with totally different protocol stacks)

• The most sophisticated internetworking tool
• Used to connect networks which utilize completely different protocol stacks (e.g., TCP/IP to SNA)
• Work at the Application Layer
• For each frame, removes all header information from each layer of the first protocol leaving just raw data at the Application Layer; then, rebuilds the frame with headers from the other protocol

Internetwork Links - leased lines

• Analog Service - via modem
• Speeds to 56kbit/second
• ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network - 128 kbit/second
• Cable Modems - (cable TV line)
• ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (phone line)
• Upstream 64-200 kbit/second
• Downstream - up to 8Mbit/second

• Fractional T-1 Service - speeds from 56 kbit/second up to 1.344 Mbit/second in 56 kbit/second increments
• T-1 Service - 1.5 Mbit/second (actually 1.544)
• T-3 Service - 45 Mbit/second (actually 44.736)
• SMDS - Switched Multimegabit Data Service - speeds from 1.5 Mbit/second up to 45 Mbit/second
• Migration path to 155 Mbit/second and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
• SONET - Synchronous Optical Network - fiber-optic network operating at speeds up to 2.4 Gbit/second
• OC-1 (Optical Carrier level 1) - transmits STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal level 1) frames at 51.84Mbit/second
• OC-2 - transmits STS-2 frames at 103.68Mbit/second
• OC-3 - STS-3 frames at (51.84x3) 155.52Mbit/second
• …
• Futures - multi-channel fiber using light spectrum with 10+ Gbit/second per channel…

Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Second Edition.
(Kevin Downes, Merilee Ford, H. Kim Lew, Steve Spanier, Tim Stevenson).
Cisco Press, 1998. ISBN: 1-57870-102-3

Networking Component Review

Local Area Networks

• 10Base2 - 10Mbit/s, RG-58 coax, bus topology
• 10BaseT - 10Mbit/s, twisted pair, star topology
• 100BaseT - 100Mbit/s, twisted pair, star topology
• 100BaseSX - 100Mbit/s, multimode fiber, star topology

• FDDI - 100Mbit/s, fiber, ring
• ATM - 155Mbit/s (copper), 622Mbit/s (fiber), 2.4Gbit/s (fiber)
• Gigabit Ethernet - 1Gbit/s
• 1000BaseSX - multimode fiber to 550m (IEEE 802.3z)
• 1000BaseLX - single-mode fiber to 5 km (IEEE 802.3z)
• 1000BaseT - category 5 twisted pair to 100m (IEEE 802.3ab)

• Hubs
• Bridges
• Routers

• SONET - Synchronous Optical Network - to 2.4Gbit/s
• DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• currently up to 80 channels of 10Gbit/s each…