• The resources listed below, many of which are available off the Lehigh library webpage, have a special feature that sets them apart from other library resources. They let you start with a known document (for example, a journal paper) and then generate references that it cites and/or published later in time that cite it

• The number of databases that allow you to do this has been growing. This is an effort to keep track of them for the benefit of persons who want to generate exhaustive bibliographies.

• The resources below are complementary. That is, one can start with one of them, build up a bibliography, and then--through use of another of the resources--use the original bibliography to "bootstrap" to additional bibliography.

• A non-exhaustive bibliography of materials relating to the use of citation analysis is provided below.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Annual Reviews
• Astrophysics Data System
• CiteBase
• CiteSeer
• Electronic journal citations
• ISI Web of Science
• MathSciNet
• PsycINFO
• SciFinder Scholar (CA Plus and Medline)
• Bibliography

Lehigh subscribes to annual reviews in a wide variety of subjects. To see the annual reviews, scroll down in the list of electronic journals that begin with "A".

Annual Reviews consist of articles that provide a bird’s eye view of particular fields that fall under the general heading of the particular annual review.

Example:
Go to Annual review of earth and planetary sciences.  In Volume 28, 2000, scroll down to  "Remote Sensing of Active Volcanoes" and click on "Full Text". In the box in the upper right hand, you will see the search link for citing articles in ISI Web of Science. Also, see the link for "alert me when:new articles cite this article". (For databases from ISI owned by Lehigh, see the section below titled "ISI Citation Indexes").
 

Among the features of the Astrophysics Data System, a free database, is the ability to do literature searches and locate citations to articles.

After clicking the "Search References" button, you will see links to the following databases:  Astronomy and Astrophysics; Instrumentation; Physics and Geophysics; and Astrophysics preprints.

Example:

Select the  "Astronomy and Astrophysics" database. Do a title search on "cosmological constant".  Scroll to the following paper: "Smooth Energy: Cosmological Constant or Quintessence?". Click on the link for the record.
At the top of the record, click on the link "Citations to the Article". Note that at the bottom of the resulting screen, there are a variety of other links, including "get reference lists for selected articles" and "get citation lists for selected articles".

From the CiteBase webpage:

"CiteBase is part of an effort to improve online services for the research community, from archive software (eprints.org), reference parsing (OpCit), to Open Archives services (CiteBase). These resources will provide a rich information source and navigation system (based on impact and other metrics) to the self-archiving movement.

CiteBase Search provides users with the facility for searching across multiple archives, with results ranked according to many criteria, including citation impact.  CiteBase has been designed and written by Tim Brody (tdb01r@ecs.soton.ac.uk) as part of the Open Citation Project (Stevan Harnad, Les Carr, Zhuoan Jiao, Steve Hitchcock), part of the Intelligence, Agents and Multimedia Group at the University of Southampton. Data are harvested using the Open Archives Metadata Protocol (Herbert Van de Sompel, Carl Lagoze), from arXiv.org (Paul Ginsparg, Simeon Warner), BioMed Central, and CogPrints (Stevan Harnad, Chris Gutteridge)."

[links that appear in the original text are not included here]

CiteSeer is also known as ResearchIndex. The search engine enables one to search "documents indexed by CiteSeer" as well as "citations made by indexed documents".

Information about this site can be found here. Some highlights from the latter webpage:
 

• "ResearchIndex is a scientific literature digital library that aims to improve the dissemination and feedback of scientific literature."
• "ResearchIndex uses ACI [Autonomous Citation Indexing] to autonomously create a citation index that can be used for literature search and evaluation."

Lehigh subscribes to a large number of electronic journals. In addition to searching for these in ASA, Lehigh's library catalog, you can look them up alphabetically and by publisher.

Check a given electronic journal article to see if it contains links to citing articles--articles which cite it--in addition to whatever references it itself cites.

Example:
In the Nature article "Slow light in cool atoms", see--on the left-hand column--"ISI articles that reference this article".

Example:
In the Science article "All-Optical Magnetic Resonance in Semiconductors"  See "Search for citing articles in: ISI Web of Science". Also see section titled "This article has been cited by other online articles", and "Alert me when: new articles cite this article".

Example:
In the Applied Physics Letters article "Electron effective mass in hexagonal GaN", scroll down to the see the section "CITING ARTICLES", which follows the section "REFERENCES".

Produced by ISI, this is a major database for doing citation searching in the areas of Science, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. 
Web of Science encompasses:

Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), 1993 to present
Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), 1993 to present.
Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), 1993 to present.

Help documentation

NOTE:
Print versions of ISI data are available in the library for persons who want to go back in time. For years of coverage, see ASA. Some earlier years of coverage of the Science Citation Index are available on CD, on a machine behind the help desk on the main floor of Fairchild-Martindale Library.  For information about using the Science Citation Index on CD, see this tutorial provided by ISI:  "Sample Cited Reference Search: Science Citation Index on Compact Disc".  See also this tutorial from ISI: Cited Reference Searching: An Introduction.   Social Sciences Citation Index is also available in CD, but its years of coverage overlap with what is available on Web of Science; see this tutorial provided by ISI: "Sample Cited Reference Search: Social Sciences Citation Index on Compact Disc".

MathSciNet provides "Reference Lists"and "Reference Citations".  See also "Review Citations".

PsycINFO provides the ability to put in cited references and find papers that cite them.  The publisher provides this description.

If you discover any useful search methods, please send an email with details.

Example:

You want to see who has cited the following paper:
 

Howard, L. B. (1986) The dichotomy of the expert witness. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31, 337-341.

In the advanced search mode, put in Howard, L and then select "cited reference phrase" on the drag down menu, and then click on the browse index button (to the right of the drag down menu).   Go to the next page to locate "howard l b". Click on this name. Then click on search. You will find a paper titled:

"The forensic examiner as an expert witness: What you need to know to be a credible witness in an adversarial setting."

Chemical Abstracts Service has started to add citations in CA Plus records. Lehigh persons can access these records through SciFinder Scholar.

Given that the citations are  provided 1999 and forward, the citing papers you will find fall in that time range. However, cited papers can be pre-1999.  You can bring up any CA Plus record and see if any later document (from 1999 forward)  has cited that document.

Medline records are also searchable in SciFinder Scholar for 1958 to date.  You can start with a Medline record and then find CA Plus records—again from 1999 forward—that cite those records. Note that citations are not listed within the Medline records.

Example:
Do a research topic search on "use of combinatorial chemistry in developing antibiotics". From the set of references "containing the two concepts 'combinatorial chemistry' and 'antibiotics' closely associated with one another", select the following record
 

"Marsh I R; Smith H K; Leblanc C; Bradley M  Synthetic methods for polyamine linkers and their application to combinatorial chemistry.   MOLECULAR DIVERSITY  (1997 Mar),  2(3),  165-70.  Journal code: 9516534.  ISSN:1381-1991.  DN 97381315 PubMed ID 9238647 AN 97381315    MEDLINE".

Click the "Get Related" button at the bottom of the search results screen. Click the "Citing References" button.

This was an example involving a Medline record. Try this for a CA Plus record as well and this time try the cited references feature as well.

• Here is a non-exhaustive bibliography about the uses of cited/citing lists, including but not limited to use of citation analysis in faculty evaluation.
• One way to generate additional bibliography on this subject is to consult the database Library Literature. One or another of the resources above may also help in this process.
• If you discover a good article about the use of cited/citing resources and think it should be on this page, please send an email.
• Inclusion of an item in the list below is not an endorsement of the accuracy or plausibility of the ideas expressed in it, nor has the author of this webpage read all these items.
• The bibliography is only intended as a starting point for further reading and research.

Baird, L. M. & Oppenheim, C. (1994). Do citations matter? Journal of Information Science, 20(1): 2-15.

Garfield, E. (1979). Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Applications in Science, Technology and Humanities, New York: Wiley.

"How to Use Citation Analysis for Faculty Evaluations, and When Is it Relevant? Part 1."

"How to Use Citation Analysis for Faculty Evaluations, and When Is it Relevant?  Part 2."

Garfield, E. (1997) Validation of Citation Analysis [Letter]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(10): 962.

Liu, M. (1993). Progress in documentation. The complexities of citation practice: A review of citation studies. Journal of Documentation, 49(4): 370-408.

MacRoberts, M. (1997) Rejoinder [Letter in reply to Garfield, E. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(10): 962]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(10): 963.

MacRoberts, M. H. & MacRoberts, B. R. (1988). Problems of citation analysis: A critical review. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 40(5): 342-9.

MacRoberts, M. H. & MacRoberts, B. R. (1997) Brief communication. Citation content analysis of a botany journal. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(3): 274-275.

Reed, Kathlyn L. Citation analysis of faculty publication: beyond Science citation index and Social science citation index. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association v. 83 (Oct. '95) p. 503-8.

Many thanks to Roseann Bowerman, Eugene Garfield, and Kathy Whitley for providing suggesting resources that appear in the bibliography above.