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Environmental Initiative

Program Directors: Donald P. Morris, Earth and Environmental Sciences and Derick G. Brown, Civil and Environmental Engineering

Undergraduate Committee Chair: Albert H. Wurth, Jr. , Department of Political Science

Graduate Committee Chair: John Martin Gillroy, Environmental Studies and Department of International Relations.

Professors: Stephen H. Cutcliffe, Ph.D. (Lehigh), Professor of Science, Technology and Society and History and Director of Science, Technology and Society program; Sharon M. Friedman, M.A. (Penn State), Journalism and Communication and Director of Science and Environmental Writing Program; John B. Gatewood, Ph.D. (Illinois), Sociology and Anthropology; John Martin Gillroy, Ph.D. (Chicago), Environmental Studies and International Relations; Frank J. Pazzaglia, Ph.D. (Penn State), Chair of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Dork Sahagian, Ph.D. (Chicago), Earth and Environmental Sciences; Richard N. Weisman, Ph.D. (Cornell), Civil and Environmental Engineering; Cameron Wesson, Ph.D. (Illinois) Lucy G. Moses Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Anthropology.

Associate Professors: Alec M. Bodzin, Ph.D. (North Carolina State), Education; Derick G. Brown, Ph.D. (Princeton), Civil and Environmental Engineering; David Casagrande (Georgia), Sociology and Anthropology; Breena Holland, Ph.D. (Chicago), Environmental Studies and Political Science; Donald P. Morris, Ph.D. (Colorado), Earth and Environmental Sciences; Albert H. Wurth, Jr., Ph.D. (North Carolina), Political Science.

Assistant Professors: Benjamin S. Felzer, Ph. D. (Brown), Earth and Environmental Sciences.

The Environmental Initiative is a broadly interdisciplinary program of education, research, and outreach. The curricula include courses in 4 colleges and 10 departments in social sciences, humanities, education, science, mathematics and engineering. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Civil and Environmental Engineering are core Departments in the program.

Undergraduate Studies

The Environmental Studies BA program examines the cultural, economic, historical, communication, political and social factors that influence local, national, international and global environmental issues and policies. Investigating a wide range of perspectives, it includes a broad exposure to many factors confronting humans as they struggle with complex problems and possible solutions to environmental questions.

The program has been designed so students will develop a broad understanding of social science environmental concerns, along with a basic familiarity with environmental science, statistics and research methods. Of benefit to all students interested in environmental issues, this B.A. degree complements existing B.A. and B.S. programs in Earth and Environmental Sciences and the B.S. program in Environmental Engineering. The B.A. program is intended for students who are interested in environmental affairs from the perspective of the social sciences and humanities. This degree will prepare students for a variety of career options including positions in policy agencies at the federal, state and local government levels, corporate management, nonprofit organizations, environmental journalism, environmental education or environmental law. It also will prepare students for graduate studies in a number of environmental policy and social science fields. The B.A. is specifically designed to be broadly inclusive yet flexible enough to allow for double majors and minors in other fields. Double majors or minors in social science fields such as anthropology, communication, history, international relations, journalism, political science, psychology, science and environmental writing or sociology could easily be accomplished. Minors in the sciences, such as Earth and Environmental Sciences, also can be completed. If students are not pursuing a double major, a minor in another field to complement the Environmental Studies major is highly recommended but not required.

The major consists of five required and a choice of three core courses, plus three elective courses chosen from a list that follows. The B.A. is considered a social science major and most of its courses fulfill college social science distribution requirements. Its collateral requirements, which include a social science research methods course, one course in statistics and two science courses, can be used to fulfill college math and science distribution requirements.

Honors: To graduate with honors, a major in Environmental Studies must maintain a 3.2 overall average, attain a 3.5 average in the courses constituting the major program, and complete an honors thesis in the senior year.

Environmental Studies Major

Required and Core Courses (26-28 credits)

Required Courses:

Core Courses: At Least 3 of the 6 following courses:

Major Electives (12 credits including 1 course at the 200 level or above. Additional core courses can be used to fulfill this requirement):

In addition, new courses may be offered annually. Students should check with the program director for an updated list.

Collateral Requirements (14-16 credits)

Required (8 credits)

A calculus course may be substituted with permission of the program director.

Science Electives: At least one EES and one other science course (6-8) credits OR a minor in EES (see EES program descriptions).

Minor in Environmental Studies

A minor in Environmental Studies consists of four 4-credit courses, for a total of 16 credits. These should include ES 1, one course from the required or core set of courses for the major, and two courses from either the core or elective courses for the major. At least one course must be at the 300-level.

Environmental Studies Undergraduate Courses

ES 1. Introduction to Environmental Studies (4)

Gateway to the field of Environmental Studies, the course surveys central issues and themes confronting humanity in the natural world on a national and global basis. Topics include humankind’s role in environmental change; society’s response to the dynamism of nature; cultural evaluations of nature; population dynamics; resource availability and pollution sinks; land use patterns; sustainability and consumerism; environmental justice and ethics; policy and planning. This course fulfills a social science credit requirement (SS). Please select ES 2 to fulfill the natural science (NS) requirement. Staff (SS)

ES 2 (EES 2) (GCP 2). Introduction to Environmental Science (3)

Focuses on natural and human-induced drivers and consequences of environmental change. Exploring options for mitigating and adapting to environmental change in ecosystems, physical and social systems, we will examine such topics as biogeochemical cycles, population pressure, ecosystem diversity, productivity and food security, energy, water resources, climate change, pollution, ozone, urban issues and sustainability. Stresses interactions and interrelationships, using a series of case studies. Sahagian (NS/GC)

ES 4 (EES 4). The Science of Environmental Issues (1)

Analysis of current environmental issues from a scientific perspective. The focus of the course will be weekly discussions based on assigned readings. Pre- or co-requisite: introductory-level course in EES. Staff (NS)

ES 10. Environment and the Consumer Society (4)

Is there such a thing as sustainable consumption, or will life on Earth become increasingly imbalanced? Will our grandchildren accuse us of “devouring” their future? This multidisciplinary course investigates these issues, both locally and globally from the perspectives of anthropology, history, communication and politics. Topics include cultural causes of and responses to past environmental disasters; biological and cultural limits to growth; overfishing the commons; resources and land use issues; communication in a consumer culture; and politics and governmental regulations. Team projects researching the environmental impacts of campus consumption will be included. Staff (SS)

ES 93. Lehigh Earth Observatory Field/Laboratory Internship (1-4)

The Lehigh Earth Observatory (LEO) is a distributed, multidisciplinary program that focuses study on the environment with a particular emphasis on understanding the science of environmental systems and the relationship between these systems and society. LEO has a focus on environmental systems, drawing students from a variety of disciplines including policy, management, economics, journalism, business, art, and philosophy in addition to science and engineering. Field projects contribute to an overall theme of postindustrial land use and development as it impacts the natural environment of the Lehigh Valley, and may include long-term monitoring programs, or individually designed projects that contribute to the overall mission that includes science, engineering, policy, communications, ethics, social dynamics, and other environmentally pertinent aspects of the region. Students work with a faculty advisor on individually designed projects. Projects may involve technical, social, educational, or other outreach activities, and NS, SS, or HU credits are designated as appropriate. This course is intended for first time participants and is not repeatable for credit. Past projects and more details about LEO are available at http://www.leo.lehigh.edu. Students should contact the Environmental Initiative for departmental permission to register.

ES 100 (GCP 100, EES 100). Earth System Science (4)

Examination of the Earth as an integrated system. Study of interactions and feedbacks between key components such as the atmosphere, geo-sphere, and hydrosphere to permit better understanding of the behavior of the system as a whole. Response of the Earth system to human perturbations such as land use and emissions are explored in the context of predictions of future environmental conditions and their projected impacts back on human systems. Lectures, class discussions, and recitation. Prerequisites: EES 22. Felzer (NS)

ES 104 (IR 104). Political and Environmental Geography (4)

Geographical foundations of political phenomena and human impacts on the environment. Global focus on geographic influences on growth and development of states and empires, the nature and impact of borders, how people have altered pattern of climate, hydrology, land forms soils, and biota. (SS)

ES 105 (POLS 105). Environmental Policy and Planning (4) Fall

Analysis of the framework that has been established to protect the environment and promote sustainable growth. Focus on the roles of the different branches of the U.S. government and the relative responsibilities of state and local governments within this framework. Consideration of the political nature of environmental issues and the social forces influencing environmental protection in different areas of domestic environmental policy, such as climate change, toxic waste disposal and natural resources conservation. Holland (SS)

ES 106 (POLS 106). Environmental Values and Ethics (4) Spring

An introduction to the ethical perspectives and values that shape human relationships to the natural environment in contemporary society. What are the moral implications of these relationships for justice and human collective action? Given these implications, what policy responses to environmental problems are morally or politically justifiable? In answering these questions, the course explores ethical ideas developed in different schools of environmental thought, such as deep ecology and eco-feminism, in addition to ideas that emerge from social movements, such as environmental justice and bioregionalism. Holland (SS)

ES 107 (POLS 107). The Politics of the Environment (4)

A survey of the major environmental, resource, energy and population problems of modern society, focusing on the United States. The politics of people’s relationship with nature, the political problems of ecological scarcity and public goods, and the response of the American political system to environmental issues. Wurth (SS)

ES 111 (ECO 111). Introduction to Environmental Economics (4)

An examination of the interactions between our economic systems and the environment. Pollution as a consequence of human activity within a framework for analyzing the relationships between environmental quality, scarcity of resources and economic growth. How to develop appropriate public policies to deal with these issues. Prerequisite: ECO. 1. (SS)

ES 115 (JOUR 115). Communicating about the Environment (4)

Introduction to the need for and ways to communicate about environmental issues to laypersons, government officials, journalists, members of the judiciary and technical experts. Explores case studies of good and bad communication about environmental issues. Internet communication, including the efficacy of placing governmental reports and databases on the Web for public consumption, will be evaluated. (SS)

ES 117 (JOUR 117) (HMS 117). Environmental Health Risks and the Media (4)

This course explores the risks and effects of environmental contamination on human health and behavior as well as the role of the mass media in alerting citizens to potential environmental health risks. Environmental topics vary but usually include air and water pollution, endocrine disrupters and radioactive waste. Friedman (SS)

ES 121 (ANTH 121). Environment and Culture (4)

Impact of environment upon cultural variability and change. Comparative study of modern and past cultures and their environments as well as current theories of human/environmental interaction. Gatewood (SS)

ES 122. Sustainable Development: The Costa Rican Experience (3)

Investigation of the concept of sustainable development as currently being practiced in Costa Rica. Case studies in diverse areas (e.g. agriculture, bio-prospecting, ecotourism, energy, and land use) demonstrate how current approaches to sustainable development are influenced by the history and ecology of Costa Rica, as well as the structure of its political, social, and economic systems. Attention to theories of sustainable development and of consumption help to frame the Costa Rican experience. Students maintain individual “sustainability” journals based on their experiences from which they draw for team-based research and writing projects. The course is offered through Lehigh Abroad and consists of 5 evening classes during the fall semester and required course travel to Costa Rica between the fall and winter semesters (approximately 18 days). Final course projects are due early in the spring semester. Course participation will require additional fees as described by Lehigh Abroad (airfare and program fee). Cutcliffe, Morris, & Weisman (SS)

ES 125 (JOUR 125). Environment, the Public and the Mass Media (4)

Extensive exploration of local, national and international environmental problems and their social, political and economic impacts. Analysis of mass media coverage of complex environmental issues and the media’s effects on public opinion and government environmental policies. Examination of environmental journalism principles and practices in the United States and around the world. Friedman (SS)

ES 131. Internship (1-2)

Practical experience in the application of environmental studies for both on- and off-campus organizations. Course is designed to provide credit for supervised experiential learning experiences. May be repeated for credit up to four credits. Prerequisite: consent of the program director. (ND)

ES 171 (CEE 171). Fundamentals of Environmental Technology (4)

Pollution control technologies and how they work for water, air and solid wastes. Assessment and management of risk as applied to remediation of contaminated wastes. Role of life cycle analysis of products in risk reduction. Emphasis on technologies leading to sustainable environment. Government policies and regulations, including litigation and Best Engineering Practices. Prerequisite: A course designated NS. Not available to students in RCEAS. (ND)

ES 181. Independent Study (1-4)

Directed readings or research on an Environmental Studies topic. May be repeated for credit up to four credits. Prerequisite: consent of the program director. (HU or SS)

ES 254 (REL 254, ASIA 254). Buddhism and Ecology (4)

Buddhism's intellectual, ethical, and spiritual resources and rexamined in light of contemporary environmental problems. Is Buddhism the most green of the major world religions? What are the moral implications of actions that affect the environment? Kraft (HU)

ES 293. Advanced Lehigh Earth Observatory Field/Laboratory Internship (1-4)

A continuation of LEO Internship 93, this course will entail further development of supervised projects and leadership opportunities. Past projects and more details about LEO are available at http://www.leo.lehigh.edu. Students should contact the Environmental Initiative for departmental permission to register. Prerequisite: ES 93. (NS, SS, or HU).

ES 315 (HIST 315) American Environmental History (4)

Relationship between Americans and their natural environment from the colonial period to the present: impact of European settlement, attributes toward wilderness, role of technological development, rise of preservation and conservation movements, establishment of national parks, recent environmental protection legislation. (SS) Cutcliffe

ES 320. (STS 320) Sustainable Development: Theory and Practice (1) -- fall

Readings and seminar discussion covering the history, philosophy and practice of sustainable development. Students will prepare proposals for follow-up course: Sustainable Development Project STS/ES 335. Cutcliffe, D. Morris, R. Weisman (SS)

ES 323 (HMS/JOUR/STS 323). Health and Environmental Controversies (4) spring

Exploration of health and environmental controversies from the perspectives of scientific uncertainty and mass media coverage. Examines genetic engineering, biotechnology, environmental health risks, and nanotechnology. Includes discussion of ethical and social responsibilities and interactions with the public. S. Friedman (SS)

ES 328. (POLS 328) U.S. Politics and the Environment (4)

An examination of contemporary American politics and policy dealing with environmental issues. Current controversies in the legislative and regulatory areas will be covered to examine environmental issues and the political process. Significant portions of the course readings will be taken from government publications. Wurth (SS)

ES 331. U.S. Environmental Law I: Pollution & Risk Abatement (4)

This course studies the practical reality of environmental regulation as codified law. It also aims at understanding the law’s foundation in argument and justification as both existing law and proposed policy through the use of cases, statutes, and regulations on air, water, risk, waste and environmental impact. Utilizing two legal paradigms for charting the relationship between humanity and nature, it examines a wide range of environmental law as well as ethical, political, economic, scientific, and policy dimensions. Gillroy (SS)

ES 333 (IR 333). International Environmental Law & Policy (4)

This course examines the basic international legal setting for the protection and management of the global environment. It examines how international law concerning nature is made and applied, the role of international environmental regimes or institutions, enforcement strategies, and compliance mechanisms. Emphasis will be placed on a review of various regulatory regimes for the protection of the global commons, including the history and legal sources of the Global Climate Change Convention. Gillroy (SS)

ES 335. (STS 335) Sustainable Development Project (3) spring

Continuation of STS/ES 320. Students will work in small teams on sustainable development research projects. S. Cutcliffe, D. Morris, R. Weisman (SS)

ES 338. Environmental Risk (4)

Starting with the distinction between traditional pollution problems and environmental risk, this course examines the policy and legal implications of its unique characteristics. Gillroy (SS)

ES 339 (IR 339). Global Security and the Environment (4)

This course examines the links between international security and the environment. Topics include the effects of military actions on the environment; the environment contributing to international conflict; environmental conditions as security issues; the relationship between public health and security; bioterrorism, eco-terrorism, and biological threats; environmental remediation and conflict resolution. (SS)

ES 340 (IR 340). International Environmental and Science Policy (4)

The politics of science behind global climate change, trans-boundary environmental pollution, international regulatory standards, and environmental risk assessment. How international/global science communities operate, how to communicate scientific research across cultures, and how to translate scientific data into international policy. Case studies include climate change, the ozone hole, avian influenza, and HIV/AIDS. Prerequisite IR 10 and department permission. (SS)

ES 343 (IR 343). Comparative Environmental Law & Policy (4)

This course studies the different ways in which domestic legal systems handle the regulation of humanity’s relationship to the natural world. The first part of the course concentrates on comparative law that examines the evolution of distinct types of legal systems from their origins in the ancient world. The second part of the course specifically and comparatively examines environmental law as it has developed in Canada, China, the European Union and the United States. Ranges of alternatives for environmental law and policy as practiced in various parts of the world will be explored. Gillroy (SS)

ES 352 (ANTH 352) Environmental Archeology

This course reviews the various categories of archaeological data used to examine the nature of past human-environmental relationships. We will explore how archaeologists use data to recognize anthropogenic and natural environmental changes, as well as cultural adaptations to local environments. Wesson (SS)

ES 355 (POLS 355). Environmental Justice & The Law (4)

This course explores the various ways in which environmental law and policy can have discriminatory effects. It examines the rise and evolution of the environmental justice movement, and the impact of environmental justice claims on administrative rulemaking at both the state and federal level. Reviewing the history of case law concerning environmental justice suits filed under the 1964 Civil Rights Act, it also examines the future of environmental justice in environmental law and policy. Prerequisite: ES or POLS 105. Holland (SS)

ES 367 (TLT 367). Environmental Education (3)

Introductory environmental education course designed to prepare students to implement environmental education opportunities in formal and non-formal education settings. Topics include history and philosophy of environmental education, environmental laws and regulations, GIS, environmental issues and decision making, curriculum integration and environmental education teaching methodologies. This is a Web enhanced course containing both online and fieldwork components. Bodzin.

ES 368 (TLT 368). Teaching and Learning with Geospatial Tools (3-4)

Exploration of geospatial tools, including but not limited to global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and related visualization tools (e.g., Google Earth). Application of these tools and techniques to instructional settings, including appropriate pedagogy and assessment. Hammond

ES 371. Special Topics (1-4)

Intensive, research-oriented study of a subject or issue in Environmental Studies not covered in other courses. For students of demonstrated ability and adequate preparation. May be repeated for credit up to four credits. Prerequisite: consent of the program director. (HU or SS)

ES 375 (POLS 375) Seminar: Green Polity (4)

Development of guidelines and applications for public policy and political action directed toward environmental sustainability and political feasibility. Focus on problem-solving and policy design, connecting sustainable environmental goals with workable and responsive institutional designs. Wurth (SS)

ES 381. Senior Seminar: Issues in Environmental Studies (4)

Advanced seminar focusing on discussion and research on specialized subjects in Environmental Studies. Subject matter varies from semester to semester. Intended for Environmental Studies majors and minors but open to others. Prerequisites: ES 1, 2 or another EES course, and one core course or consent of the program director. (SS)

ES 391. Honors Thesis (1-4)

Directed undergraduate research thesis required of students who apply and qualify for graduation with program honors. Prerequisite: consent of the program director. (HU or SS)

Graduate Studies

Graduate Certificate in Environmental Law and Policy

This graduate certificate offers a credential in environmental law and policy for individuals with a background in various science, engineering, social science and humanities fields who wish to understand the theory and practice of environmental and natural resource law at the national, comparative or international level. It is especially valuable for those in various environmental fields who come in contact with the law in the course of their work, to policy makers at all levels of government who routinely handle legal affairs, to lawyers without specific training in environmental law, and to business people who want to know what the law says about the legality of their business’ impact on the natural environment. The certificate also can be preparation for further studies in law, policy, or politics or for professional positions in the private or public sector. Certificate courses can be counted toward MA in Environmental Policy Design, as appropriate.

Requirements

The certificate program requires 4 courses with 1 course from each of the 2 core groups and 2 other courses from either the core groups or electives selected in consultation with the program advisor. No more than 6 credits can be taken at the 300 level and the certificate must be completed in a maximum of 3 years.

Core Courses in Environmental Law:

Core Courses in Policy Analysis, Valuation & The Law:

Elective Courses

Elective courses will be chosen from existing Environmental Studies, Environmental Science or Environmental Engineering courses (ES, EES or CEE) at the 300/400 level in consultation with the program advisor. Students are encouraged to choose their elective courses from ES core offerings; however, they can select a specific elective pertinent to their studies or background in consultation with their advisor.

M.A. Environmental Policy Design

The M.A. in Environmental Policy Design trains scholars and practitioners alike for the demanding task of designing environmental policy that can protect or restore an increasingly degraded natural environment while sustaining the benefits of economic growth and providing for the needs of an ever more vulnerable (and growing) human population. Achieving this goal will require policy professionals to understand and analyze environmental problems amidst multiple systems and levels of law and in the context of rapidly globalizing governance structures, institutions, and regimes that cut across geographical and political boundaries. Specifically, the M.A. program in Policy Design assumes that traditional economic analysis of environmental policy is a point of departure rather than the sole and adequate approach to environmental questions. We seek to prepare policy professionals who can more fully address environmental dilemmas as philosophical questions that have technical, social, political and economic dimensions dependent on the logic and persuasive power of the underlying argument as to both the inadequacy of current law and the requirements of future policy. With this background an Environmental Policy Designer can better entertain two questions. First, how are legal institutions, regulations, and public management responding to the political, social, moral and economic dynamics affecting the natural environment at the local, regional, national, and international level? Second, how should legal institutions, regulations, and public management respond to the impact of these various dynamics in order to ensure the integrity of ecosystems and a sustainable natural environment for humanity Overall, we seek to create a generation of policy practitioners that can (1) critically assess and analyze the multiple conditions and inherent conceptual logics that create environmental problems, (2) arrive at novel investigational logics as solutions to those problems, and (3) justify those solutions as persuasive public policy or codified law.

Applicants for the MAEPD program may also choose to apply to the Community Fellows Program, a one year Master’s Program in which students work for 15 hours a week in a non-profit organization as part of their academic experience. Please see the program website at www.lehigh.edu/communityfellows.

Required Courses: (2)

Core Courses: (at least 4 of 9)

Electives (3) Including at least one Foundation Course, except that one or more Core Courses may be substituted for Foundation or Context Courses

Foundation

Context

THESIS: A six credit thesis (ES 490) can be taken in lieu of two Foundation/Context Courses with the approval of the EI Graduate Curriculum Committee. The student must find a thesis supervisor and a second reader and produce a five page thesis proposal to the specifications of the program format. This proposal, signed by the student and the primary and second readers, must then be submitted to the committee six weeks before the beginning of the term in which the first thesis credit is to be taken. If the proposal fails to be approved, the student will be required to fill out his/her program with courses.

Graduate Courses

ES 401 Philosophical-Policy and Environmental Legal Design (3)

A basic class for graduate students on the idea of policy design, as opposed to standard economic analysis of public policy and its application to various domestic and international environmental dilemmas. The course will also introduce the idea of Philosophical-Policy, or the use of integrated philosophical systems to justify specific policy design arguments, through the use of two distinct theoretical paradigms that focus on, specifically, the integrity of the natural environment and the capabilities of humans in relation to ecosystems. (Gillroy)

ES 402 (EES 402). Scientific Foundations for Environmental Policy Design (3)

This course explores the science behind the environmental issues that bear on the policy process at local, national and global scales. It delves into the science of selected environmental issues that have either arisen from anthropogenic activities, or that impact social systems, or that help policy makers understand the consequences of different policy options. The course will consist of readings and discussions of timely topics and one major project. Sahagian

ES 431. U.S. Environmental Law I: Pollution and Risk Abatement (3)

The study of bureaucracy and problems of public and nonprofit organization and management; executive leadership; personnel management systems and regulatory administration. Gillroy

ES 432. U.S. Environmental Law II: Natural Resources & Public Lands (3)

This course combines a study of natural resources law with an understanding of the politics and legal processes that create, change, and regulate the economic use of nature. It studies extraction law from two models of regulation: the Market Sector Approach and the Ecosystem Approach. Using these two standards for charting the relationship between humanity and nature, students will analyze timber, water, mineral extraction, public lands regulations, wildlife, wilderness and federal planning and environmental impact assessment in terms of their ethical, political, economic and policy components. Gillroy

ES 433 International Environmental Law & Policy (3)

This course examines the basic international legal setting for the protection and management of the global environment. It examines how international law concerning nature is made and applied, the role of international environmental regimes or institutions, enforcement strategies, and compliance mechanisms. Emphasis will be placed on a review of various regulatory regimes for the protection of the global commons, including the history and legal sources of the Global Climate Change Convention. Gillroy (SS)

ES 435. Environmental Valuation For Policy Design & Legal Analysis (3)

Reviewing the history and legal context that gave rise to the current use of the “contingent valuation method” for pricing environmental resources, this course assesses empirical and normative strengths of this method, as well as the weaknesses that challenge its effectiveness and political legitimacy. Students will evaluate the recent turn to “deliberative” methods of resource valuation and consider empirical and normative problems that deliberative methods address. Holland

ES 438. Environmental Risk (3)

Starting with the distinction between traditional pollution problems and environmental risk, this course examines the policy and legal implications of its unique characteristics. Gillroy. (SS)

ES 439. Global Security and the Environment (3)

This course examines the links between international security and the environment. Topics include the effects of military actions on the environment; the environment contributing to international conflict; environmental conditions as security issues; the relationship between public health and security; bioterrorism, eco-terrorism, and biological threats; environmental remediation and conflict resolution. (SS)

ES 440. International Environmental and Science Policy (3)

The politics of science behind global climate change, trans-boundary environmental pollution, international regulatory standards, and environmental risk assessment. How international/global science communities operate, how to communicate scientific research across cultures, and how to translate scientific data into international policy. Case studies include climate change, the ozone hole, avian influenza, and HIV/AIDS. Prerequisite IR 10 and department permission (SS)

ES 443 Comparative Environmental Law & Policy (3)

This course studies the different ways in which domestic legal systems handle the regulation of humanity’s relationship to the natural world. The first part of the course concentrates on comparative law that examines the evolution of distinct types of legal systems from their origins in the ancient world. The second part of the course specifically and comparatively examines environmental law as it has developed in Canada, China, the European Union and the United States. Ranges of alternatives for environmental law and policy as practiced in various parts of the world will be explored. Gillroy (SS)

ES 455 (POLS 455). Environmental Justice & The Law (3)

This course is an in-depth exploration of the various ways in which environmental law and policy can have discriminatory effects. It examines the rise and evolution of the environmental justice movement, and the impact of environmental justice claims on administrative rulemaking at both the state and federal level. Reviewing the history of case law concerning environmental justice suits filed under the 1964 Civil Rights Act, it also examines the future of environmental justice in environmental law and policy. Holland (SS)

ES 461 (EES461) Wetland Policy and Valuation (3)

An interdisciplinary exploration of the laws, political context, and administrative issues shaping wetlands policy. Legal component will review the statutory and case law relevant to legislative and judicial decisions about wetlands. Valuation component will consider instrumental and non-instrumental approaches to valuation of wetland ecosystems, and how these approaches bear on the prospects for wetland restoration in light of global climate change. Managerial component will explore the science of wetland structure and function, and how science- based decisions about wetland protection are complicated by conflicting levels – local, state, and federal – of regulatory authority. Integrated activities with EES 386, Wetland Science. Not available for students who have taken EES 386. Booth

ES 465. International Law and Policy Design (3)

Beginning in the 13th Century, this course traces the various philosophical, historical, and policy design arguments that have been used to explain, justify, and influence the evolution of the rule of law between states (ius gentium). Gillroy (SS)

ES 475 (POLS 475) Seminar: Green Polity (3)

Development of guidelines and applications for public policy and political action directed toward environmental sustainability and political feasibility. Focus on problem-solving and policy design, connecting sustainable environmental goals with workable and responsive institutional designs. Wurth (SS)

ES 490. Thesis (1-6)

ES 495. Independent Study (1-4)

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